California, Berkeley), Fall 2022.

2. Spy, February 1992.

3. “Who’s the Sleaziest of Them All?,” Spy, February 1992, 55.

4. Ibid.

5. Filings can be found in the FARA database, available at FARA.gov.

6. Bill Berkeley, “Zaire: An African Horror Story,” The Atlantic, August 1993.

7. Art Levine, “Publicists of the Damned,” Spy, February 1992, 55.

8. K. Riva Levinson, “I Worked for Paul Manafort. He Always Lacked a Moral Compass,” Washington Post, November 1, 2017.

9. Cristina Maza, “Here’s Where Paul Manafort Did Business with Corrupt Dictators,” Newsweek, August 7, 2018.

10. Don Van Natta, Jr., and Douglas Frantz, “Lobbyists Are Friends and Foes to McCain,” New York Times, February 10, 2000.

11. Tom McCarthy, “Paul Manafort: How Decades of Serving Dictators Led to Role as Trump’s Go-To Guy,” The Guardian, October 30, 2017.

12. Levine, “Publicists of the Damned,” 62.

13. Kenneth P. Vogel, “Paul Manafort’s Wild and Lucrative Philippine Adventure,” Politico Magazine, June 10, 2016.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Evan Thomas, “The Slickest Shop in Town,” Time, March 3, 1986.

17. Mark Fineman and Doyle McManus, “Vote Fraud on Grand Scale Reflected in Manila Area,” Los Angeles Times, February 16, 1986.

18. Ibid.

19. Vogel, “Paul Manafort’s Wild and Lucrative Philippine Adventure.”

20. Fineman and McManus, “Vote Fraud.”

21. Vogel, “Paul Manafort’s Wild and Lucrative Philippine Adventure.”

22. J. C. Sharman, The Despot’s Guide to Wealth Management: On the International Campaign Against Grand Corruption (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017).

23. Pamela Brogan, “The Torturers’ Lobby: How Human Rights–Abusing Nations Are Represented in Washington,” Center for Public Integrity, Washington, DC, 1992, https://cloudfront-files-1.publicintegrity.org/legacy_projects/pdf_reports/THETORTURERSLOBBY.pdf.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Levine, “Publicists of the Damned.”

27. Ibid., 58.

28. Racial realities were an underlying theme of the growing foreign lobbying industry; as one photo caption in the Spy investigation, featuring all of the lobbyists and their despotic clients, read, “Rich white lobbyists and the despots who love them.” Ibid.

29. Ibid., 59.

30. Ken Silverstein, Turkmeniscam: How Washington Lobbyists Fought to Flack for a Stalinist Dictatorship (New York: Random House, 2008), 10.

31. Art Levine, “Shame Is for Sissies,” Mother Jones, September–October 2005.

32. Adam Bernstein, “Tyrants’ Lobbyist, Flamboyant to the End,” NBC News, May 2, 2005.

33. Richard Leiby, “Fall of the House of von Kloberg,” Washington Post, July 31, 2005.

34. Levine, “Publicists of the Damned,” 57.

35. Ibid.

36. Levine, “Shame Is for Sissies.”

37. “WWYD 2/2,” YouTube, posted by UnkownNickelodeon, April 29, 2011, https://youtu.be/-CsOyAzdURM.

PART III: REVOLUTIONS

1.Leo Perutz, The Marquis of Bolibar, translated by John Brownjohn (New York: Arcade, 1989).

9. SAFE FOR DICTATORSHIP

1. Quoted in Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002).

2. Matthew T. Sanderson, “A History of the FARA Unit,” Caplin & Drysdale, May 5, 2020, https://www.fara.us/a-history-of-the-fara-unit.

3. Craig Holman, “Origins, Evolution and Structure of the Lobbying Disclosure Act,” Public Citizen, May 11, 2006.

4. Tarun Krishnakumar, “Propaganda by Permission: Examining ‘Political Activities’ Under the Foreign Agents Registration Act,” Journal of Legislation 47, no. 2 (2021): 44–74.

5. Cynthia Brown, “The Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA): A Legal Overview,” Congressional Research Service report R45037, December 4, 2017.

6. Lydia Dennett, “Closing the Loophole on Foreign Influence,” Project on Government Oversight, April 13, 2018.

7. Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, “Audit of the National Security Division’s Enforcement and Administration of the Foreign Agents Registration Act,” Audit Division 16–24, September 2016.

8. Alexander Dukalskis, Making the World Safe for Dictatorship (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. “Hotel Rwanda Hero Paul Rusesabagina Convicted on Terror Charges,” BBC News, September 20, 2021.

15. Adele Del Sordi and Emanuela Dalmasso, “The Relation Between External and Internal Authoritarian Legitimation: The Religious Foreign Policy of Morocco and Kazakhstan,” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 14, no. 1 (2018): 95–116.

16. Dukalskis, Making the World Safe for Dictatorship.

17. Ibid.

18. Ben Freeman, The Foreign Policy Auction: Foreign Lobbying in America (n.p.: CreateSpace, 2012).

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. According to DLA Piper, describing the Turkish massacre of the Armenians as genocide—one of the first of the twentieth century, in which Turkish forces killed approximately 1.5 million Armenian men, women, and children—is “a matter of genuine historic dispute.” But most Western nations regard it as genocide. See Thomas de Waal, “What Next After the U.S. Recognition of the Armenian Genocide?,” Carnegie Europe, April 30, 2021.

27. Freeman, The Foreign Policy Auction.

28. Ibid.

29. Erik Wemple, “Former Congressman and Azerbaijan Advocate Finds Receptive Audience at Daily Caller,” Washington Post, April 3, 2015.

30. Freeman, The Foreign Policy Auction.

31. Ken Silverstein, Turkmeniscam: How Washington Lobbyists Fought to Flack for a Stalinist Dictatorship (New York: Random House, 2008).

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. “APCO Wins Agency of the Year at 2006 PRWeek Awards,” PRWeek, March 3, 2006.

35. Silverstein, Turkmeniscam.

36. Ibid.

37. Ken Silverstein, “Alexander Haig’s Last Years,” Mother Jones, September–October 1999.

38. Silverstein, Turkmeniscam.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

10. UKRAINIAN COCKTAILS

1. Aodogán O’Rahilly, The O’Rahilly: A Secret History of the Rebellion of 1916 (Gill, Ireland: Lilliput, 2016).

2. Polina Devitt, Anastasia Lyrchikova, and Katya Golubkova, “Biting the Bullet, Not the Dust: Deripaska Gives Up His Aluminum Empire,” Reuters, December 20, 2018.

3. Rosalind S. Helderman and Alice Crites, “The Russian Billionaire Next Door: Putin Ally Is Tied to One of D.C.’s Swankiest Mansions,” Washington Post, November 29, 2017.

4. “Treasury Designates Russian Oligarchs, Officials, and Entities in Response to Worldwide Malign Activity,” press release, U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 6, 2018. To date, Deripaska has not been indicted for bribery, though he has been indicted for sanction evasion and obstruction of justice. Deripaska has denied these allegations.

5. John S. Gardner, “Bob Dole: Soldier, Politician and Republican of the Old School,” The Guardian, December 5, 2021.

6. Katharine Q. Seelye, “Bob Dole, Old Soldier and Stalwart